Film Analysis and Comparison of Documentaries

Examination of Bowling for Columbine and Let’s Talk About Sex We all know the scandalous creator Michael Moore for his dim comical inclination that has revealed its insight into America in various manners. He is incredible at the specialty of narratives, and as I would like to think it is a standout amongst other that I have ever observed. â€Å"Bowling for Columbine,† won the Academy Award for Best Documentary. From numerous points of view this film had me uncomfortable, yet I feel it is one of the most convincing narratives that I have seen. All through this narrative Moore illuminates us regarding the matter of firearms in America, however as I would see it I truly feel that he is delineating our nations culture of violence.He goes on the give a point by point flashbacks of his convictions for the reasons why such huge numbers of Americans in todays society are frequently killed with weapons. Moore has an extremely unmistakable style of recording, through his convinc ing comical inclination and solid character. In explicit when Moore strolled into the Michigan bank. They were additionally an authorized gun seller, where he got a free weapon for placing cash into a Certificate of Deposit. The neighborhood promotion in the paper for the arrangement read: â€Å"More Bang, for Your Buck. † As disturbing as this seemed to be, he later went to purchase a projectile in the wake of getting a haircut.This style was engaging me in the manner that he exhibited his primary concerns. The style was clear and convincing that I accept individuals from a wide range of foundations would all be able to have the option to comprehend and identify with. The following paper I will think about is the dubious film â€Å"Let’s Talk About Sex. † This film was stuffed with cuts from TV appears, exciting realities, and meetings with American and Dutch youngsters. This film underlines on how sex is depicted and shown in America in contrast with different countries.This film fills in as an incredible reminder for individuals who accept that advising teenagers to â€Å"abstain† from sex is a powerful method of keeping them sheltered and solid. This film was exact and ideal, the film uncovered the explanations for our high adolescent pregnancy and STD rates. In Let’s Talk About Sex the perspectives of Americans is contrasted with Europeans regarding the matter of sex. The most dubious point in this film was likely the section that included gay teenagers. I for one feel that if individuals from the gay network were to watch this they would be frustrated they were spoken to in this aspect.In examination, both of these movies ventured to every part of the nation and introduced numerous realities towards their subjects of Guns and Sex. I feel that both of these movies address two significant branches of knowledge that should be tended to in today’s society. All through the Let’s Talk about Sex film we met pregn ant youngsters, youthful HIV constructive individuals and children who deceived guardians about being explicitly dynamic. Through Moore’s film like a large number of his others claimed more to feeling than, to reason. His expressive methods of the film were more provocative than informative.Even however Moore’s perspectives may not be speaking to many, I feel that this film is one worth viewing. The zenith point in the Bowling for Columbine that I discovered incredibly moving was when Moore takes two of the overcomers of the 1999 Columbine High School slaughter to K-Mart base camp in Troy, Michigan. The survivors mentioned they quit selling handgun projectiles. After postponement, K-Mart in the long run came out and declared that they were eliminating of firearm ammo. This was really a splendid side of the film, yet it was as yet awful to see the casualties of the 1999 Columbine.From the film Let’s Talk About Sex, the apex was most likely through the examination of the way of life of American Teens versus the Dutch Teens. The Dutch youngsters see conveying condoms as an indication of obligation and gladly demonstrated them off the to the camera while, American teenagers blew a gasket over the thought, utilizing words like â€Å"pervert† or â€Å"douchebag†. All I accept the two movies were convincing and their various styles fit each consummately. Our general public required a powerful film like Bowling for Columbine and we additionally required the disturbing realities of Let’s talk about Sex, to express what is on their mind.

How to Find the Right General IELTS Essay Topics

How to Find the Right General IELTS Essay TopicsGeneral IELTS essays can be found for almost every topic under the sun. Some people are looking for generalized topics that they can write on for other people to work on, so they can practice. Others, however, need an essay they can sit down and work on without needing other students to show up at their house. They want a topic that can be written about by a complete stranger.To find the general IELTS essay topics that you are looking for, you need to be creative and flexible. While many essay topics are very general, some are specific. You don't want to simply type in IELTS essay topics and pick some at random. Doing this could be incredibly frustrating and ineffective.You also want to be careful about picking general topics. Not every essay requires general interest topics. The most successful students are the ones who are able to look at a specific topic and then turn it into a general topic. The big question is: how do you turn a sp ecific topic into something general? There are many techniques out there, but here are three main methods:Research: Find some subject matter experts. Find one in particular and go talk to them. A good teacher will be willing to help you, but chances are they won't do all the heavy lifting for you. Instead, ask for their advice on a specific topic. Talk with them about the exact problem that you have and how you think it can be solved.Go to your professor and ask him or her about a topic that you feel that you can use. Your professor is probably one of the best sources to turn to if you aren't able to go to a particular expert. They may be able to recommend an expert for you. Find a topic that interests you and that you feel is important to you. It should relate to your goal and you should be able to connect the two.Join forums dedicated to the topic that you are interested in. People who are familiar with the topic will know who are experts. They will probably be willing to offer th eir advice on the topic. Forums are an excellent source of articles, which can often be helpful in brainstorming and giving you ideas.General essay topics are useful, but remember that they will never be the best writing that you have ever done. You can go back and work on your writing again, but writing new material each time can be very tiring. To be effective, you should always be working on a more established topic. If you are new to the subject, you should work on starting your own topic.Finding a wide variety of personal IELTS essay topics will open you up to all sorts of topics that you might not have considered. Not only will this help you learn the language, but it will help you learn the culture as well.

American Civic Values Essay Example for Free

American Civic Values Essay In America our general public has consistently been an ethics run nation, from our household regular day to day existences. Our general public, bunches with various metro esteems with who have a great deal of intensity on our lives that we live ordinary which incorporates schools and strict gatherings. There are a few people who hold our city esteems to a better quality than the individuals who have no respect for different individuals in their locale. With regards to subverting American municipal qualities our media has a ton to be fault for as they advance and glamorize viciousness and criminal operations and doesn't show how networks can enable each other to hold fast to metro approaches. It is significant for enormous gatherings to have set practices to cling to, and urban qualities are significant in keeping America a serene spot that is ok for us just as kids. America has become a safe house for specific vested parties. In the event that individuals don’t like something you state or do, plan on your opportunity turning inwards and being utilized against you. Our general public is not, at this point based off a nation and its kin all in all, yet by singular gatherings. The American urban qualities have dropped as particular vested parties are supportive of political ground. There are a few punishments that neglect to cling to the urban worth, for example, â€Å"blue laws† these laws control conduct and confine exercises or the offer of merchandise on a Sunday to suit strict methods. For a model in parts of one district here in North-East Florida we are not permitted to buy liquor on Sunday this day is comprised for strict issues. Another case of a blue law is the law in Pennsylvania where chasing is denied on Sunday’s as this day is perceived for a day of rest as per the strict gatherings.

Trade Marks Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Second, it must be distinctive that it is capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one trader from other traders’ trademarks. Third, it must be distinctive (Lee, 1999). However, section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 1994 disallows the registration of a trademark that is indistinguishable from an earlier trademark. Moreover the goods or services concerned should be identical to those with regard to which the trademark has been protected. Earlier trademarks are defined under section 6 of the Trade Marks Act 1994 (Anon. , 1994). These include, registered trademarks, international trademarks, Community trademarks whose date of application for registration is prior to that of the trademark sought to be registered, Community trademarks that can validly claim seniority from a previously registered trademark or international trademark, and trademarks that are entitled under the Paris Convention to protection as well known trademarks (Anon. , 1994). The Trademarks Registry has adopted a practical approach to this problem by declaring that graphical representation of a sign transpires, whenever the following conditions are satisfied. First, the mark should be defined with sufficient precision, so that infringement rights can be determined. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Marks or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Second, the graphical representation should be capable of independently establishing the trademark without the necessity of additional information, such as supporting samples (Lee, 1999). The Registry made it clear that these guidelines are not common for every case. Every application will be considered on the merits of the case. For instance, the Dulux Dog mark was registered despite its simplistic description. In this instance the Trademarks Register permitted the registration of an image of an Old English Sheepdog and the Derbyshire Building Society (Lee, 1999). The Registry allows representation of shapes that are in the form of line drawings or photographs. A perfect example of this is the Coca-Cola bottle. The old Act refuses to register the shape of a bottle (Lee, 1999). The TMA, due to its pragmatic approach, had permitted the Coca Cola Company to register the shape of its bottle as a trademark. However, in our problem, trade mark for a pyramidal shape was already possessed by the renowned Toblerone chocolates. Hence, registration of the pyramidal shape for chocolate mints causes an infringement of the provisions of the Trade Marks Law. (ii) A name, "Oxford", for bicycles, which is a well – established unregistered mark recognised as a leader in its field of quality bicycles for the last twenty years.

Essay about Alcoholism in the Workplace - 1364 Words

Alcoholism in the Workplace In the United States, 17.6 million people – about one in every 12 adults, abuse alcohol or are alcohol dependent. (NIH: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2012) The Mayo Clinic defines alcoholism as a chronic disease in which your body becomes dependent on alcohol (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010), and indicates that more than 100,000 Americans die annually from alcohol related causes (Johnson) . Aside from the physical problems that alcohol addiction can create, there are frequently emotional and social complications. Alcoholism is a disease that harms not only the alcoholic, but also the co-workers and family of the alcoholic. Society has given us stereotypical images of the alcoholic. Some of†¦show more content†¦In addition to dinner, the menu included an open bar. What originally started out to be an innocent and business appropriate function turned into a wild free-for-all that lasted into the late hours of the night, and behaviors erupted that should never occur in any business relationship. The following morning, a large percentage of those in attendance at the party were absent from work, and many of those who did show up were tardy and ill, incapable of performing their duties. Productivity was significantly decreased for the entire day, and for some, even into the following day. In light of that single event, the practice of â€Å"open bar† social gatherings between the financial office and the dealerships was abolished. It is not surprising to note that according to the United States Office of Personnel Management, the rate of absenteeism is estimated to be 4 to 8 times grea ter among alcoholics and alcohol abusers (LEtoile, 2011) . Furthermore, the rate of on the job accidents and injuries is likely to increase due to the use of alcohol. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, between 10 and 20 percent of workers who die on the job test positive for alcohol or other drugs, and cites construction, mining, and manufacturing – some of the industries which are already at a high risk for occupationalShow MoreRelated Alcoholism Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pages Alcoholism, or alcohol dependence, is a chronic disease, which is common in our world today. In the United States, 1 in every 13 adults is either an abuser of alcohol or an alcoholic. This disease includes a craving from the victim in spite of any problems or consequences, which they may have or have had. Consequences of this disease are often very severe; for example, job problems frequently arise. In addition to serious job dilemmas, victims of this disease often get into mischief with the lawRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Genetics Of Alcoholism Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different evaluation instruments that are used to test for alcoholism, the results are also used to help with the eventually treatment of the person diagnosed with alcoholism. Some of the evaluation tools that are used to detect alcoholism and the severity are the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), Alcohol use disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Michi gan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), T-ACE, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Substance AbuseRead MoreCritical Analysis On Alcohol Misuse Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis on Alcohol misuse in the workplace Summary The following is a case study of a male employee, drinking beers at work while working on a case study. His behavior addressed by his employer, as a result of his conduct. Even though he appears to be fully functional, his employer was not happy and is concerned about his employee’s wellbeing as well as his industry’s reputation. The employee sees alcohol used among employees during work as an expensive problem for the industry. DrinkingRead MoreBarriers and Limitations in the Treatment of Alcohol and Substance Abuse921 Words   |  4 Pages1986). They include general societal behavioral norms that promote alcoholism and substance abuse and particular psychosocial interpersonal dynamics at work and in the home that present different types of barriers to effective treatment based largely on gender (Beckman Amaro, 1986; Jessup, Humphreys, Brindis Lee, 2003). Micro-level Barriers One of the most significant micro-level barriers for individuals facing alcoholism and substance abuse problems is that acknowledging their problemsRead MoreAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcoholRead MoreThe No Show Consultant Essay639 Words   |  3 Pagesrelated problems. Although research on the effectiveness of EAPs is limited, some studies have found that EAPs are effective in reducing employees alcohol problems. One study of 199 commercial airline pilots who were advised to seek treatment for alcoholism from 1973 to 1989 found that 87 percent returned to flight duties after treatment and only 13 percent of those who accepted treatment relapsed. I would conclude that retaining the employee would be the best solution given his overall trackRead MoreIntroduction Of Drugs And Alcohol Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages Table of Contents Introduction to Drugs and Alcohol 2 Overview 2 I. Workplace Factors 3 II. Workplace Performance Behavior 4 III. Workplace Role 5 RECOMMENDATION 6 Workplace Policies and Drug Testing 7 Policy and Regulations on Alcohol and drug abuse 7 Employee Education/Health Promotion 8 Works Cited 9 â€Æ' Employer’s Guide for a Drug-free Workplace Introduction to Drugs and Alcohol In order to understand drug and alcohol use, it is important to be clear about what we mean by the termsRead MoreFaverty V Mcdonald’s Restaurants of Oregon, Inc. and Gacioch V Stroh Brewery Co.1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time of the accident. Theurer was on his own time when he drove home from work. Gacioch v Stroh Brewery Co. 396 N.W.2D 1 Facts: Casimer Gacioch worked for Stroh Brewery in 1947. He began working for Stroh and he was predisposed to alcoholism. Stroh offered unlimited beer to their employees on their breaks. Mr. Gacioch was a machine operator and drank about twelve bottles a day where on the weekends he only drank three or four beers. Stroh Brewery required Mr. Gacioch to sign an agreementRead MoreSubstance Abuse On The Workplace1724 Words   |  7 Pagesin the workplace. Substance abuse in the workplace provides multiple ethical concerns, both from the standpoint of the employee and management. Although corporations, companies, and institutes normally have well-defined policies guiding the response procedures for suspected or known substance abuse, there are often deviations from practiced interventions and misinterpreted reactions to the issue. In the 21st century, drug use and substance abuse has become a leading problem in the workplace environmentRead MoreStigm Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity1643 Words   |  7 Pagesreduces the bearer â€Å"from normal being to a person that is tainted† (Goffman 1963, p. 3). It is considered a form of stereotype or labeling of a person or group based on their illness and handicap. The topic that I will be discussing in this paper is Alcoholism, how people who are alcohol dependence are stigmatized and ways to help reduce the stigma and discrimination associated with it. Stigma is a negative attribute imposed by society on people that can cause discrimination. Stigmatized people lacks

Okonkwo The Tragic Hero in Things Fall Apart Essay

A character with a tragic flaw is one who consistently makes a particular error in their actions and this eventually leads to their doom. Okonkwo, a perfect tragic character, is driven by his fear of unmanliness, which causes him to act harshly toward his fellow tribesmen, his family and himself. He judges all people by how manly they act. In Okonkwo’s eyes a man is a violent, hard working, wealthy person and anyone who does not meet these standards he considers weak. Okonkwo’s fear of unmanliness is kindled by his father, who was a lazy, unaccomplished man. Okonkwo strives to have a high status from a young age and eventually achieves it. He has a large family, many yams and is well known throughout the village for his valor. He†¦show more content†¦One day at a kindred tribal meet a man contradicted Okonkwo’s view. Okonkwo was quick to call him a woman, and just as quickly Okonkwo was reprimanded by the other tribesmen. These outbursts made Okonkwo look ignorant and brash, but he could not stand weakness of any sort. This is one of many situations that convey the severity of Okonkwo’s tragic flaw. His tragic downfall truly begins when his is sent away because of an accidental murder of a boy. Okonkwo and his family are exiled from the tribe for seven years and Okonkwo is stripped of the fruits of his hard work. While he is away the white missionaries move into the village. They preach against the culture and its violent ways, causing Okonkwo to become saturated with rage. Seven years later, Okonkwo is able to return. He plans to reestablish himself and his position with the help of his family. However, Umofia is not as it once was. The white men have moved in and dismantled the tribe with their laws and government. Okonkwo wishes to fight, but the clan does not agree with his suggestion. After realizing the fate of the village, Okonkwo chooses to take his life. He would rather die than watch everything he had worked for fall apart because of weak people. His tragic flaw, a fear of weakness, is so strong it destroyed him. Okonkwo, though harsh, is a strong man. He works hard toShow MoreRelatedOkonkwo as a Tragic Hero-Things Fall Apart1198 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ OKONKWO AS A: TRAGIC HERO Aristotle once said â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his downfall.† The protagonist of the book â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo demonstrates characteristics of being an Aristotelian tragic hero. According to Aristotle, a Tragic Hero is one who exhibits a tragic flaw that causes a reversal of fortune to him in his own error of judgment. Okonkwo is a leader and a hardworking member of the Igbo tribe of the village of Umofia whoseRead MoreOkonkwo as Tragic Hero in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe1140 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most commonly asked questions about the novel Things Fall Apart is: why did Achebe choose a tragic hero, Okonkwo, as the main character in the story. According to Nnoromele, â€Å"A hero, in the Igbo cultural belief system, is one with great courage and strength to work against destabilizing forces of his community, someone who affects, in a special way, the destinies of others by purs uing his own. He is a man noted for special achievements. His life is defined by ambivalence, because his actionsRead MoreThings fall Apart and Okonkwo; A Classic Greek Tragedy and Tragic Hero1112 Words   |  5 PagesThings Fall Apart and Okonkwo; A Classic Greek Tragedy and Tragic Hero Both the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, and its main character Okonkwo closely adhere to the definitions of a classic Greek tragedy and a typical tragic hero. First of all, Okonkwo is a tragic hero by the Greek definition. While Okonkwo wasn’t born to a nobleman or king (as the definition of a tragic hero states), he was a man of high status and respect in his community, as Obierika stated near the end of the bookRead MoreEssay on No Tragic Hero in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart892 Words   |  4 PagesNo Tragic Hero in Things Fall Apart   Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Aristotle a tragedy is a drama...which recounts an important and casually related series of events in the life of a person of significance, such events culminating in an unhappy catastrophe, the whole treated with great dignity and seriousness. The novel Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe begins as a story about the life of a man named Okonkwo. It recounts the events beginning with his childhood and ending with his deathRead MoreOkonkwo: Great Man, Tragic Hero981 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 15, 2013 Okonkwo: A Great Man, Tragic Hero A tragic hero is a archetype who fails to overcome or surpass his/her conflict. The book â€Å"Things Fall Apart† included a tragic hero. The book was written by the name of Chinua Achebe. The tragic hero in the book was Okonkwo, a warrior from a village called Umuofia. Chinua Achebe wrote the book with the purpose of showing how someone with high esteem can fall from greatness so dramatically because of that person’s actions. Okonkwo exhibited hubrisRead MoreWork1068 Words   |  5 Pages2013 Things Fall Apart: Character Analysis Research Paper In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo has only one tragic flaw; he has raised himself so that looking weak or effeminate is the worst thing to him that he could do. Okonkwo is a model clansman based on his success. However, he is more alienated from his culture based on his lack of respect for it. In this research paper, I’ll walk through a character analysis of Okonkwo. The protagonist of Things FallRead MoreThings Fall Apart875 Words   |  4 PagesOkonkwo is a tragic hero in Things Fall Apart Question ( 2 ): Discuss Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is a tragic hero. Answer: In Chinua Achebe’s novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† Okonkwo is a tragic hero. Aristotle’s Poetics defines a Tragic Hero as a good man of high status who displays a tragic flaw ‘hamartia’ and experiences a dramatic reversal ‘peripeteia’, as well as an intense moment of recognition ‘anagnorisis’. Okonkwo is a leader and hardworking member of the Igbo communityRead MoreIs Okonkwo A Tragic Hero709 Words   |  3 PagesAristotle says a tragic hero is someone who makes a decision that inadvertently brings an end to their life. In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe the main character Okonkwo is considered a tragic hero, he faces all his challenges with great Courage and Pride. But all of his challenges he brought upon himself because of his tragic flaw, which is his hatred for his father Unoka. Unoka was a lazy drunk with no titles, this hatred drove Okonkwo to become a very good man. He became one of the greatestRead MoreEs say about An Analysis of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart1631 Words   |  7 Pagesis well known as the father of African literature. His first novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is an interesting story full of tragedy, which takes place in Umuofia, Nigeria in the 19th century. Achebe sought to correct European writers who were misrepresenting Africans and life in Nigeria. According to Nnoromele (2000), the Igbo clan is a self-sufficient, complex, and vigorous group of African people. Achebe wrote â€Å"Things Fall Apart† to accurately represent the conflict between Nigeria’s white colonialRead MoreAnalysis of Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1579 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebes 1958 novel Things Fall Apart marked a significant turning point not only for literature, but the world, because the novel is an attempt to blend the conflicting identities and ideologies of Africa in the wake of colonization. The novel depicts the destructive tension that a rises between the traditions of the Igbo people and white colonizers, but, perhaps contrary to the readers expectation, it does not present either side as holding the ethical high ground. Rather, the novel suggests

Co Operative Society free essay sample

What Is a cooperative society ? A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit. [1] A cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliances Statement on the Cooperative Identity as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. [2] A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or by the people who work there. Origins In 2001, it merged with 11 cooperative federations which had been its main suppliers for over 100 years. [citation needed] As of 2005, Coop operates 1,437 shops and employs almost 45,000 people. According to Bio Suisse, the Swiss organic producers association, Coop accounts for half of all the organic food sold in Switzerland. [citation needed] Euro Coop is the European Community of Consumer Cooperatives. [edit] Business and employment cooperative Main article: Business and employment co-operative Business and employment cooperatives (BECs) are a subset of worker ooperatives that represent a new approach to providing support to the creation of new businesses. Like other business creation support schemes, BECs enable budding entrepreneurs to experiment with their business idea while benefiting from a secure income. The innovation BECs introduce is that once the business is established the entrepreneur is not forced to leave and set up independently, but can stay and become a full member of the cooperative. The micro-enterprises then combine to form one multi-activity enterprise whose members provide a mutually supportive environment for each other. BECs thus provide budding business people with an easy transition from inactivity to self-employment, but in a collective framework. They open up new horizons for people who have ambition but who lack the skills or confidence needed to set off entirely on their own – or who simply want to carry on an independent economic activity but within a supportive group context. New generation cooperative New generation cooperatives (NGCs) are an adaptation of traditional cooperative structures to modern, capital intensive industries. They are sometimes described as a hybrid between traditional co-ops and limited liability companies. They were first developed in California and spread and flourished in the US Mid-West in the 1990s. [26] They are now common in Canada where they operate primarily in agriculture and food services, where their primary purpose is to add value to primary products. For example producing ethanol from corn, pasta from durum wheat, or gourmet cheese from goat’s milk. [27] Types of cooperative Housing cooperative [pic] [pic] Co-op City in New York is the largest cooperative housing development in the world with 55,000 people. [28] Main article: Housing cooperative A housing cooperative is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own shares (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperatives real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in a not-for-profit cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures[citation needed]: †¢ In Market-rate housing cooperatives, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City. †¢ Limited equity housing cooperatives, which are often used by affordable housing developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid. †¢ Group equity or Zero equity housing cooperatives do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates. Main article: Building cooperative Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labour. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. [citation needed] This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britains building societies, which however developed into permanent mutual savings and loan organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former Leeds Permanent). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step mortgage which is released in stages as the building is completed. [citation needed] The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade. citation needed] Utility cooperative Main article: Utility cooperative A utility cooperative is a type of consumers cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. Profits are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of patronage or capital credits, which are essentially divi dends paid on a members investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the New Deal. See Rural Utilities Service. In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (GT) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses. [29] In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water. A remarkable development has taken place in Poland, where the SKOK (Spoldzielcze Kasy Oszczednosciowo-Kredytowe) network has grown to serve over 1 million members via 13,000 branches, and is larger than the country’s largest conventional bank. [ In Scandinavia, there is a clear distinction between mutual savings banks (Sparbank) and true credit unions (Andelsbank). [ The oldest cooperative banks in Europe, based on the ideas of Friedrich Raiffeisen, are joined together in the Urgenossen. Federal or secondary cooperatives Main article: Cooperative Federation